Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2020,16, 2562–2575, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.208
is the formation of only a single halonium ion intermediate is possible. According to the Fürst–Plattnerrule (ring-opening into a chair conformation is preferred over a twist boat conformation), the formation of the products (rac)-2a,b is expected (Scheme 1).
Indeed, halofluorinations of (rac)-1
selectivity can be predicted by considering the differences of steric shielding on the two sides of the double bond and applying the Fürst–Plattnerrule to the halonium ion intermediates. The presence of electron-withdrawing carbonyl groups with α-hydrogen atoms enabled E2 elimination of the halofluorinated
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Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1:
Proposed outcome of the halofluorination of (rac)-1. Only the main conformers of (rac)-1 and (rac)-...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem.2018,14, 2082–2089, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.182
acetate as model substrate.
Keywords: Fürst–Plattnerrule; oxazoline; Ritter reaction; Tsuji–Trost reaction; Ullmann coupling; Introduction
The vast majority of biologically active compounds like vitamins and natural products occur as single enantiomers in nature. Usually only one enantiomer generates
nitrile according to the Fürst–Plattnerrule provides 10 in a high excess (Table 1, entries 1–3). With the smaller substituent R1 = CH3 conformer 9b gets more important and more 11 is produced (Table 1, entries 4 and 5). By comparing entries 2 and 3 as well as 4 and 5 we noticed that the size of R2 has an
group participation in conformer 9b leads to the same anomer as predicted by the Fürst–Plattnerrule.
Neighboring group participation provides an alternative explanation for the already mentioned longer reaction times for the acylated sugars 7j–m. Because of the high delocalization of the positive
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Graphical Abstract
Figure 1:
General structure of PHOX ligands 1 and structures of annulated glucosamine-based PHOX and PyOx lig...